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The Cyprus Collection at Medelhavsmuseet (the Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities) consists of around 1,500 archaeological finds spanning over a period of more than 7,000 years – from Stone Age to Imperial Rome. The finds bear witness to frequent and long-term contacts between Cyprus and other cultures in the eastern Mediterranean area. Most of the artefacts shown in this exhibition originate from the Swedish Cyprus Expedition during 1927 – 1931 when over twenty locations around the island were excavated.&#13;
&#13;
According to the practice at that time, the findings were divided between Sweden and Cyprus with permission from the British Colonial Government. More than half of the findings were allocated to Sweden, thanks to which Medelhavsmuseet now houses one of the largest Cypriot collections outside of Cyprus. This extensive collection is the reason for Medelhavsmuseet being founded in 1954.&#13;
&#13;
Σε μια σημαντική συνεργασία μεταξύ της Έδρας UNESCO για την Ψηφιακή Πολιτιστική Κληρονομιά του Τεχνολογικού Πανεπιστημίου Κύπρου και του φημισμένου Medelhavsmuseet (Μουσείο Αρχαιοτήτων της Μεσογείου και της Εγγύς Ανατολής) στη Στοκχόλμη της Σουηδίας, αναλήφθηκε μια σημαντική πρωτοβουλία για την ψηφιοποίηση της Κυπριακής Συλλογής. &#13;
&#13;
Η Κυπριακή Συλλογή στο Medelhavsmuseet (Μουσείο Αρχαιοτήτων της Μεσογείου και της Εγγύς Ανατολής) αποτελείται από περίπου 1.500 αρχαιολογικά ευρήματα που καλύπτουν μια περίοδο άνω των 7.000 ετών - από τη Λίθινη εποχή έως την Αυτοκρατορική Ρώμη. Τα ευρήματα μαρτυρούν συχνές και μακροχρόνιες επαφές μεταξύ της Κύπρου και άλλων πολιτισμών στην περιοχή της ανατολικής Μεσογείου. Τα περισσότερα από τα ευρήματα που παρουσιάζονται στην έκθεση προέρχονται από τη Σουηδική Κυπριακή Αποστολή κατά την περίοδο 1927-1931, κατά την οποία ανασκάφηκαν πάνω από είκοσι τοποθεσίες σε όλο το νησί.&#13;
&#13;
Σύμφωνα με την τότε ισχύουσα πρακτική, τα ευρήματα μοιράστηκαν μεταξύ Σουηδίας και Κύπρου με την άδεια της Βρετανικής Αποικιακής Κυβέρνησης. Περισσότερα από τα μισά ευρήματα διατέθηκαν στη Σουηδία, χάρη στην οποία το Medelhavsmuseet στεγάζει σήμερα μια από τις μεγαλύτερες κυπριακές συλλογές εκτός Κύπρου. Αυτή η εκτεταμένη συλλογή είναι η αιτία για την ίδρυση του Medelhavsmuseet το 1954.</text>
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&#13;
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                  <text>In a significant collaboration between the UNESCO Chair on Digital Cultural Heritage at Cyprus University of Technology and the renowned Medelhavsmuseet (Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities) in Stockholm, Sweden, a momentous initiative has been undertaken to digitize the Cyprus Collection. &#13;
The Cyprus Collection at Medelhavsmuseet (the Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities) consists of around 1,500 archaeological finds spanning over a period of more than 7,000 years – from Stone Age to Imperial Rome. The finds bear witness to frequent and long-term contacts between Cyprus and other cultures in the eastern Mediterranean area. Most of the artefacts shown in this exhibition originate from the Swedish Cyprus Expedition during 1927 – 1931 when over twenty locations around the island were excavated.&#13;
&#13;
According to the practice at that time, the findings were divided between Sweden and Cyprus with permission from the British Colonial Government. More than half of the findings were allocated to Sweden, thanks to which Medelhavsmuseet now houses one of the largest Cypriot collections outside of Cyprus. This extensive collection is the reason for Medelhavsmuseet being founded in 1954.&#13;
&#13;
Σε μια σημαντική συνεργασία μεταξύ της Έδρας UNESCO για την Ψηφιακή Πολιτιστική Κληρονομιά του Τεχνολογικού Πανεπιστημίου Κύπρου και του φημισμένου Medelhavsmuseet (Μουσείο Αρχαιοτήτων της Μεσογείου και της Εγγύς Ανατολής) στη Στοκχόλμη της Σουηδίας, αναλήφθηκε μια σημαντική πρωτοβουλία για την ψηφιοποίηση της Κυπριακής Συλλογής. &#13;
&#13;
Η Κυπριακή Συλλογή στο Medelhavsmuseet (Μουσείο Αρχαιοτήτων της Μεσογείου και της Εγγύς Ανατολής) αποτελείται από περίπου 1.500 αρχαιολογικά ευρήματα που καλύπτουν μια περίοδο άνω των 7.000 ετών - από τη Λίθινη εποχή έως την Αυτοκρατορική Ρώμη. Τα ευρήματα μαρτυρούν συχνές και μακροχρόνιες επαφές μεταξύ της Κύπρου και άλλων πολιτισμών στην περιοχή της ανατολικής Μεσογείου. Τα περισσότερα από τα ευρήματα που παρουσιάζονται στην έκθεση προέρχονται από τη Σουηδική Κυπριακή Αποστολή κατά την περίοδο 1927-1931, κατά την οποία ανασκάφηκαν πάνω από είκοσι τοποθεσίες σε όλο το νησί.&#13;
&#13;
Σύμφωνα με την τότε ισχύουσα πρακτική, τα ευρήματα μοιράστηκαν μεταξύ Σουηδίας και Κύπρου με την άδεια της Βρετανικής Αποικιακής Κυβέρνησης. Περισσότερα από τα μισά ευρήματα διατέθηκαν στη Σουηδία, χάρη στην οποία το Medelhavsmuseet στεγάζει σήμερα μια από τις μεγαλύτερες κυπριακές συλλογές εκτός Κύπρου. Αυτή η εκτεταμένη συλλογή είναι η αιτία για την ίδρυση του Medelhavsmuseet το 1954.</text>
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                <text>Spindle-shaped; tall, narrow tapering neck; flat out-turned rim; handle from neck to shoulder, splaying base. Incised sign on bottom. Hard, brick clay; lustrous red slip. Worn. Engraved sign on base: V.&#13;
&#13;
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                  <text>In a significant collaboration between the UNESCO Chair on Digital Cultural Heritage at Cyprus University of Technology and the renowned Medelhavsmuseet (Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities) in Stockholm, Sweden, a momentous initiative has been undertaken to digitize the Cyprus Collection. &#13;
The Cyprus Collection at Medelhavsmuseet (the Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities) consists of around 1,500 archaeological finds spanning over a period of more than 7,000 years – from Stone Age to Imperial Rome. The finds bear witness to frequent and long-term contacts between Cyprus and other cultures in the eastern Mediterranean area. Most of the artefacts shown in this exhibition originate from the Swedish Cyprus Expedition during 1927 – 1931 when over twenty locations around the island were excavated.&#13;
&#13;
According to the practice at that time, the findings were divided between Sweden and Cyprus with permission from the British Colonial Government. More than half of the findings were allocated to Sweden, thanks to which Medelhavsmuseet now houses one of the largest Cypriot collections outside of Cyprus. This extensive collection is the reason for Medelhavsmuseet being founded in 1954.&#13;
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Σε μια σημαντική συνεργασία μεταξύ της Έδρας UNESCO για την Ψηφιακή Πολιτιστική Κληρονομιά του Τεχνολογικού Πανεπιστημίου Κύπρου και του φημισμένου Medelhavsmuseet (Μουσείο Αρχαιοτήτων της Μεσογείου και της Εγγύς Ανατολής) στη Στοκχόλμη της Σουηδίας, αναλήφθηκε μια σημαντική πρωτοβουλία για την ψηφιοποίηση της Κυπριακής Συλλογής. &#13;
&#13;
Η Κυπριακή Συλλογή στο Medelhavsmuseet (Μουσείο Αρχαιοτήτων της Μεσογείου και της Εγγύς Ανατολής) αποτελείται από περίπου 1.500 αρχαιολογικά ευρήματα που καλύπτουν μια περίοδο άνω των 7.000 ετών - από τη Λίθινη εποχή έως την Αυτοκρατορική Ρώμη. Τα ευρήματα μαρτυρούν συχνές και μακροχρόνιες επαφές μεταξύ της Κύπρου και άλλων πολιτισμών στην περιοχή της ανατολικής Μεσογείου. Τα περισσότερα από τα ευρήματα που παρουσιάζονται στην έκθεση προέρχονται από τη Σουηδική Κυπριακή Αποστολή κατά την περίοδο 1927-1931, κατά την οποία ανασκάφηκαν πάνω από είκοσι τοποθεσίες σε όλο το νησί.&#13;
&#13;
Σύμφωνα με την τότε ισχύουσα πρακτική, τα ευρήματα μοιράστηκαν μεταξύ Σουηδίας και Κύπρου με την άδεια της Βρετανικής Αποικιακής Κυβέρνησης. Περισσότερα από τα μισά ευρήματα διατέθηκαν στη Σουηδία, χάρη στην οποία το Medelhavsmuseet στεγάζει σήμερα μια από τις μεγαλύτερες κυπριακές συλλογές εκτός Κύπρου. Αυτή η εκτεταμένη συλλογή είναι η αιτία για την ίδρυση του Medelhavsmuseet το 1954.</text>
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                  <text>In a significant collaboration between the UNESCO Chair on Digital Cultural Heritage at Cyprus University of Technology and the renowned Medelhavsmuseet (Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities) in Stockholm, Sweden, a momentous initiative has been undertaken to digitize the Cyprus Collection. &#13;
The Cyprus Collection at Medelhavsmuseet (the Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities) consists of around 1,500 archaeological finds spanning over a period of more than 7,000 years – from Stone Age to Imperial Rome. The finds bear witness to frequent and long-term contacts between Cyprus and other cultures in the eastern Mediterranean area. Most of the artefacts shown in this exhibition originate from the Swedish Cyprus Expedition during 1927 – 1931 when over twenty locations around the island were excavated.&#13;
&#13;
According to the practice at that time, the findings were divided between Sweden and Cyprus with permission from the British Colonial Government. More than half of the findings were allocated to Sweden, thanks to which Medelhavsmuseet now houses one of the largest Cypriot collections outside of Cyprus. This extensive collection is the reason for Medelhavsmuseet being founded in 1954.&#13;
&#13;
Σε μια σημαντική συνεργασία μεταξύ της Έδρας UNESCO για την Ψηφιακή Πολιτιστική Κληρονομιά του Τεχνολογικού Πανεπιστημίου Κύπρου και του φημισμένου Medelhavsmuseet (Μουσείο Αρχαιοτήτων της Μεσογείου και της Εγγύς Ανατολής) στη Στοκχόλμη της Σουηδίας, αναλήφθηκε μια σημαντική πρωτοβουλία για την ψηφιοποίηση της Κυπριακής Συλλογής. &#13;
&#13;
Η Κυπριακή Συλλογή στο Medelhavsmuseet (Μουσείο Αρχαιοτήτων της Μεσογείου και της Εγγύς Ανατολής) αποτελείται από περίπου 1.500 αρχαιολογικά ευρήματα που καλύπτουν μια περίοδο άνω των 7.000 ετών - από τη Λίθινη εποχή έως την Αυτοκρατορική Ρώμη. Τα ευρήματα μαρτυρούν συχνές και μακροχρόνιες επαφές μεταξύ της Κύπρου και άλλων πολιτισμών στην περιοχή της ανατολικής Μεσογείου. Τα περισσότερα από τα ευρήματα που παρουσιάζονται στην έκθεση προέρχονται από τη Σουηδική Κυπριακή Αποστολή κατά την περίοδο 1927-1931, κατά την οποία ανασκάφηκαν πάνω από είκοσι τοποθεσίες σε όλο το νησί.&#13;
&#13;
Σύμφωνα με την τότε ισχύουσα πρακτική, τα ευρήματα μοιράστηκαν μεταξύ Σουηδίας και Κύπρου με την άδεια της Βρετανικής Αποικιακής Κυβέρνησης. Περισσότερα από τα μισά ευρήματα διατέθηκαν στη Σουηδία, χάρη στην οποία το Medelhavsmuseet στεγάζει σήμερα μια από τις μεγαλύτερες κυπριακές συλλογές εκτός Κύπρου. Αυτή η εκτεταμένη συλλογή είναι η αιτία για την ίδρυση του Medelhavsmuseet το 1954.</text>
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                  <text>Twin it! 3D for Europe's culture&#13;
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                <text>Wide, flat, base with central bulb; wide, shallow body; plain rim; round, knobbed horizontal handles at rim. Hard, pinkish buff clay; matt, buff slip; matt, dark red and dark grey paint. Exterior: central maltese cross Period Exhibition - Current Exhibition, Part of - Current Event - Was Present At encircled by red and grey concentric bands and circles on base; from this centre radiate nine grey chevrons with filled central triangle alternating with nine bordered ladder pattrens; sides of body fluted and painted grey; knobbed handles painted grey. Interior: two grey concentric circles on lower body and bottom; two grey lines encircling bottom.&#13;
&#13;
Within the framework of collaboration between Världskulturmuseerna and the UNESCO Chair on Digital Cultural Heritage at Cyprus University of Technology, the digitization of a substantial portion of the Cypriot collection at Stockholm's Medelhavsmuseet Museum has been accomplished.</text>
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                <text>83H8+QW Stockholm, Sweden</text>
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Digital Heritage Research Lab, Cyprus University of Technology and Medelhavsmuseet</text>
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                <text>Medelhavsmuseet&#13;
Fredsgatan 2, Stockholm&#13;
Öppettider, Sweden&#13;
&#13;
59.32946210782634, 18.067408613879593</text>
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                <text>Chalcolithic Wine Jars and the History of Wine in Cyprus&#13;
Since antiquity, grapes have been one of the most famous agricultural products and foodstuffs of Cyprus, as well as one of the basic nutritional elements of the Cypriot diet. The vine has been cultivated on the island since ancient times, while it is still widely cultivated on the island more than any kind of fruit. Viticulture constitutes almost one quarter of the agricultural population, while a large proportion of their income derives from the vines. The famous Wine Villages (“Krasochoria”) of Cyprus – fourteen areas in Limassol, Paphos and Troodos, where inhabitants are exclusively engaged to vine planting and wine-making – constitute the core of vinification of Cyprus since antiquity. However, it is difficult to make any assumptions concerning the time and the circumstances under which the plant was brought to cultivation. It is likely that its cultivation is closely related to the knowledge of turning the fruit of the vine into wine.  &#13;
Wine is not only related to the nutrition or the economy of the island. Given that some of the equipment, recipes, techniques, and processes used to make wine (such as the traditional Commandaria) and zivania (another traditional grape-related beverage), as well as deserts, such as palouzes and soutzoukos, have been handed down for thousands of years, it is clear that wine constitutes a very important part of the cultural heritage – both tangible and intangible - of Cyprus, totally connected with the traditions, the art and the religion of the island. &#13;
&#13;
The famous Cypriot Wine&#13;
The Cypriot wine became famous since antiquity while poets and historians, such as Homer, Stasinus, Pliny, Strabo, and others, sang the praises for its high quality and its sweet flavour. As early as 1100 B.C. the epic poet Homer refers to the Cypriot wine, while the great poet Hesiod in his book “Works and Days”, written around 800 B.C., describes its production in detail. Pliny highlights the importance of wine in antiquity in a simple statement (xiv. 150): ‘There are two liquids most pleasant to human bodies, wine inside and (olive) oil outside’. Furthermore, Strabo in his Geographica (around 23 AD) mentions that (xiv. 6.5): ‘In fertility Cyprus is not inferior to any one of the islands, for it produces both good wine and good oil…’. Winemaking though, was known in Cyprus long before Strabo wrote, as evident by the archaeological record, while Cypriot wine would be known for centuries by the name of “Nama”. Nevertheless, after Richard the Lionheart sold Cyprus to the Order of the Knights Templar and then to the Frank, Guy de Lusignan, the founder of the dynasty that ruled the island for three centuries (1192-1489), the Cypriot wine was renamed to “Commandaria”. During the Lusignans’ rule, catholic crusaders were settled and established themselves on the island in order to build up a feudal kingdom. Among these were the Knights of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. During their government (in order for them to have better control of the island) Cyprus was divided into districts called ‘commanderies’. The largest territory was that of Limassol, with Colossi Castle being tis centre of administration. Therefore, the name “Commandaria” was given to the wine because vineyards of excellent quality used to produce this wine were cultivated around the area of Colossi – named “La Grande Commanderie”. &#13;
After the 12th century, the Cypriot wine became famous in almost all European countries. &#13;
A famous poem by Henri d’ Andeli ‘The battle of the Wines’ says that during a wine contest the King of France, Phillip Augustus, asked his messengers to bring him the best wines from all around the world. Commandaria won the first prize and the King called the wine of Cyprus “the Apostle of wines”. Moreover, Ludolf Von Suchen, a historian who visited Cyprus in 1336-1344 writes that Commandaria was the Crusaders’ main source of wealth because of the extensive wine trade of that period.&#13;
As evident in the text of Estienne de Lusignan, who visited Cyprus in 1850, “The Description of the Island of Cyprus”, the Cypriot wine is produced almost in the same way as it was produced during that time and even earlier, while he notes that the Cypriot wine is the best of the world.&#13;
As Commandaria is not only one of the oldest traditional wines of the world, but it is also produced only in the previously mentioned Wine villages in Cyprus, it was attributed with a Protected Designation of Origin within the European Union, USA and Canada, securing the uniqueness and authenticity of the Cypriot wine.&#13;
&#13;
The case under study&#13;
The earliest archaeologically documented evidence for the vine dates back to the middle of the 5th millennium BC. Wild grape seeds have been found at the Neolithic site of Aghios Epiktetos-Vrysi (4500-3900 BC), in the Kyrenia district, but most probably without any economic significance of the plant in the early prehistory of Cyprus. The same variety of wild grape seeds have been also discovered at the Chalcolithic site of Lemba - Lakkous, in Paphos, dated in the late 4th millennium BC. &#13;
Chemical analyses of the botanical remains found at the bottoms of a number of egg-shaped jars (with long, narrow, cylindrical necks tapered towards the mouth, pointed nipple bases and no handles) found during Porphyrios Dikaios’ excavation at the archaeological site of Erimi-Bamboula, in 1932-1935, indicate that wine was produced on the island, at least, as early as the Chalcolithic period (3900-2500 BC). More specifically, out of an assemblage of eighteen jars, twelve bottoms contained large traces of tartaric acid (a naturally occurring acid found in several fruits, especially grapes), while the remaining six contained only some traces of the acid. Hence, the research concluded that the Chalcolithic jars were indeed used to intentionally process wine and, furthermore, that the jars with their specific form can be considered the predecessors of amphora-type wine storage vessels in Cyprus.&#13;
&#13;
The Chalcolithic Wine Jar under study:&#13;
&#13;
Out of the assemblage of the eighteen wine jars found in fragments (18 bottoms and several scattered body sherds) at the site of Erimi – Bamboula this was the only one restored and preserved. It has a characteristic ovoidal shape, pointed base and cylindrical neck tapered towards the mouth. It is taller than 60cm. It can be considered as an early amphora for wine storage and/or processing. It is white slipped inside and outside while it is decorated with wide brush strokes of red colour.&#13;
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                <text>Fikardou village is located on the south-eastern slopes of the Troodos Mountain range, about thirty kilometres (30 km) southwest of the capital city of Nicosia, on the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The village is considered a genuine example of 18th and 19th-century folk architecture of Cyprus with modifications and additions belonging to the first decades of the 20th century. Due to its unique and well-preserved building structure, the settlement was put under the supervision of the Department of Antiquities in Cyprus in 1978 as an “Ancient Monument” and a “Controlled Area”. In 1984, the Department of Antiquities undertook, as part of a wider program to revitalize the village, to repair and restore the collapsing houses and generally to improve the entire image and structure of the village. Since 2002 the village has been included on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List, aiming at high-quality protection and management of the components that constitute its uniqueness. &#13;
Although the evidence referring to the village’s origins is scarce, the use of a genitive case in the village’s name suggests that the village once belonged to a feudal family of the same name, as is the case for the neighbouring villages of Gourri and Lazania. Τhe village  bears the name of a once opulent and important native family of Cyprus, known in the chronicles under the various spellings of Phicardo, Ficardi etc.” and one Tomazo Phicardo - a notary to King James II during Frankish rule in Cyprus - was a feudal lord of nearby villages and possibly owned the village for a time as a fief, thus passing on his name to the village, as was the case for many village fiefs of the time.&#13;
Fikardou is one of the few examples of a remarkable traditional settlement in Cyprus that has remained unspoiled over time and has managed to keep its architectural features and traditional way of life. The Department of Antiquities in 1978 declared the entire village an ‘Ancient Monument’ and a ‘Controlled Area’. The Department of Antiquities has made restorations on the old houses of the village which are great examples of mountainous Cypriot architecture of the 18th and 19th century, built with rough local stones and bricks in perfect harmony with the surrounding environment. The efforts of the Department made Fikardou, a former ruined village, a lively museum of traditional architecture. Forty houses of the 1920s which bear elements of folk architecture have been preserved to this day. The house of Katsiniorou and the house of Achilleas Dimitris have been honoured with the Europa Nostra prize in 1987-1988. The old houses were turned into museums accessible to the public and are run by the Department of Antiquities.&#13;
Fikardou is located about 38 km southwest of Nicosia, 58 km from Limassol, 70 km southeastern to Larnaka and almost 150 km from the city of Paphos. It is built in the geographical area of Pitsilias at an altitude ranging from 400 to 1100 m on the southeastern slope of the Troodos Mountain. In the centre of the settlement there is 18th century church of Peter and Paul which operates once a year on June 23, on the Saints’ name day. The entrance to the village is in the south, at the meeting point of the winding roads from the villages of Klirou and Gourri. The central paved road does not enter the inner branching of the settlement. The inner branching is consisted just by narrow, cobbled streets, suitable only for pedestrians and animals. To the north, Fikardou is connected to the village of Klirou, at a distance of about 7km and to the west to the village of Gourri, at 2 km. The road network of the village consists of the central road axis running from north to south, which is bound by two parallel, narrower roads at different elevations that communicate with the central one with vertical branches or meet at certain points. No street has a straight course at plan level, as it is formed by the property boundaries. The layout of the narrow roads does not exceed four meters in width, while the smallest road width is almost two meters. The only difference in the width of the streets is the small widenings, the dead ends, and the platforms (church, school) which we rarely meet in the settlement. The area is characterized by the strong slope of the ground and the road patterns follow the shape of the natural relief. The main axis, as well as the two parallel ones that flank it, are the longest, parallel to the curves of the mountainous relief, in contrast to the roads that are perpendicular to them, which are characterized by a dangerously steep slope that makes vehicle access impossible.&#13;
The process of holistic digitization and documentation of the movable and immovable tangible cultural heritage of Fikardou village is crucial for the protection, preservation and renovation of the village. Additionally, the 3D digitization process can significantly improve the accessibility of the unique cultural heritage of the village for research, innovation, education and enjoyment. For these reasons, the Fikardou village was chosen as case study in the Mnemosyne project.&#13;
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                <text>The Philippi Sundial is one of the most beautiful and elegant technological artifacts and measurement devices of the Hellenic world. The Philippi Sundial is an original gadget, a portable pocket ring sundial, which encapsulates the scientific spirit and the technological innovation of the Hellenistic era. The Horologion is currently displayed at the Museum of Kavala, Greece.&#13;
A sundial is a device that indicates time by using a light spot or shadow cast, by the position of the Sun on a reference scale. Sundials have been invented independently in every major culture and became more accurate and sophisticated as each culture developed. Expectedly, within the noosphere born in the Hellenistic era (with Alexandria as its most important center), ancient Greeks were well-positioned to develop the science (principles and forms) of sundials, having developed the science of geometry, particularly discovering the conic sections to be traced by a sundial nodus. The portable Horologion of Philippi is one of the finds from the archaeological excavation in the Octagon church of Philippi in Macedonia, Greece, which exhibits clear-cut functionality combined with unprecedented ergonomic design. Its distinctive type renders it unique in its kind, since it does resemble common elements, but significantly differs from, the three main types of sundials developed through the science of gnomonics of the Hellenic world. The user of the Horologion of Philippi could not only read the local hour in the region (latitude) of four cities but also calculate the latitude of a specific place, as well as the horizontal coordinates (that is the azimuth and the altitude of the Sun or another celestial object). Based on analyses of its epigraphic evidence, archaeologists date the construction of the Horologion of Philippi between 250 and 350 C.E.&#13;
The Horologion of Philippi is a circular object made of copper alloy (around 72.5 mm in diameter), consisting of three rings placed inside each other. The inner ring carries an optometric (view) hole aiming at the sun, while the middle ring is made of two half rings, each bearing various engravings bilaterally, from the center to the edges.&#13;
The first (outer) ring has an inner diameter of 64.9 mm, 3.8 mm thick, and 5 mm wide. It has no engraving or inscription, other than the holes for the shafts holding the other rings.&#13;
The two separate half-rings, which comprise the middle ring, have an external diameter of 64.5 mm, an inner diameter of 57.2 mm, a thickness of 3.6 mm, and a width of 5 mm. They are constrained by an axis placed as a mono-block construction, with the stem through which the hoop passes allowing for complete (360 o) rotation. On the outer cylindrical surface of each&#13;
semicircle, a pair of city names followed by their corresponding latitudes are engraved; «ΑΛΕΞΑΝ, ΛΑ» (Alexandria, Greece, 31o) and «ΡΟΔΟΥ, ΜΛΣ» (Rhodes, Greece, 36o) on one, and «ΟΥΙΕΝΝ, ΜΕ» (Vienne, France, 45 o) and «ΡΩΜΗ, ΜΑΓ» (Rome, Italy, 41o) on the other. On each flat side of the hemisphere, months Jan-Jun and Jul-Dec are engraved respectively, with indications laid out counterclockwise across 47 o arcs (twice the 23.5 o ecliptic tilt of the earth).&#13;
The third (inner) ring has an outer diameter of 57 mm, an inner diameter of 51.5 mm, a thickness of 2.8 mm, and a width of 5 mm and can rotate around a fixed axis (constrained in the outer ring) with the help of two diametrically opposed pins, obtaining a gimbal suspension.&#13;
Utilities and Operation&#13;
Finding the local time&#13;
The Philippi sundial’s unique ergonomic form makes it appropriate for a variety of uses. The sundial’s user discovers the current local time in the four cities’ vicinity, the latitude of a certain location, and the horizontal coordinates, or azimuth and altitude of the Sun or another celestial object. It can be employed as an astronomical instrument for observation as well as a time measurement device and a terrestrial system for determining location.&#13;
Finding the latitude&#13;
The Philippi Sundial’s user measures the height of the Sun over the astronomical horizon on the day of the equinox after setting the instrument in the working position, which entails mounting it towards the location’s zenith and orienting the outer ring perpendicular to the meridian plane. The complement of the place’s latitude is equal to the height of the Sun.&#13;
Finding the azimuth and altitude of a celestial object&#13;
The outer ring is placed in the meridian plane, the middle ring in the east-west plane, and the inner ring is used as the horizon circle by the clock’s user. The user can determine the azimuth and altitude of the celestial object by aiming at it.&#13;
3D Geometry&#13;
For the 3D Geometry of the object, the MNEMOSYNE team worked with the department of Mechanical Engineering of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and with the assistance of the data that were collected and the photographs of the prototype from the museum, under the supervision of the Era chair, the object was designed in 3D form by the partners of the department of Mechanical Engineering of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, using the appropriate software and more specifically the Computer Aided Design System (CAD).&#13;
Using CAD, virtual testing of the object’s utility and operations was conducted. With the help of the processed photos, a three-dimensional model was created with the assistance of the software “Agisoft Metashape”, of which the following sundial angles can be seen. After its completion and after the object’s utility was inspected, the necessary information and data were generated for the creation of a true, functional, physical replica of the sundial.</text>
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                  <text>MNEMOSYNE</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="914351">
                  <text>UNESCO and ERA Chairs on Digital Cultural Heritage -&#13;
Digital Heritage Research Lab Cyprus University of Technology</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="914352">
                  <text>EU ERA Chair on Digital Cultural Heritage - MNEMOSYNE&#13;
</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912599">
                <text> Hercules Melqart Coin Collections</text>
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            <name>Alternative Title</name>
            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
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                <text>The Coins with Hercules Melqart</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912601">
                <text>Συλλογή Νομισμάτων με τον Ηρακλή Μελκαρτ</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="912602">
                <text> Hercules Melqart Coin Collections </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="912603">
                <text>Cypriot Archaeology</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="912604">
                <text>Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912605">
                <text>Numismatic Museum Athens</text>
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                <text>Mnemosyne</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912607">
                <text>The Numismatic Museum in Athens owns one of the most important collections of coins in a worldwide scale, covering a chronological continuum from ancient to modern times, providing a unique history of monetary practice. Material, inscriptions, typologies and iconography are the main mediums through which coins narrate cultural identities, influences and exchanges, commerce and economy, religion, mythology, aesthetics and governing systems.&#13;
The present case study which will deal with a small number of coins connected with Cyprus, will undoubtedly shed light on the island’s wealth and foreign connections and exchanges with its Near Eastern neighbours, during the sixth century BC. The coins in question depict Hercules-Melqart and belong to the Numismatic Museum of Athens, as well as to the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation in Nicosia. The latter possesses also an important Numismatic Collection, covering the entire range of the Cypriot coinage, from the sixth century BC, the period of the city-kingdoms to the more recent period, following the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus.&#13;
The iconography of Hercules&#13;
Hercules represents one of the most archetypical personalities of Greek Mythology. His distinctive characteristics as a hero and as a god find parallels as early as in the adventures of the Mesopotamian hero Gilgamesh, the earliest poem of human history. Long after his establishment in the Greek pantheon, versions of Hercules are met in the Egyptian god Chonsu, Babylonian Nergal or the Phoenician god Melqart. On a small number of Cypriot coins from the collection of the Numismatic Museum of Athens, the local version of Hercules also takes the shape of Melqart. Cypriot Hercules, or Melqart, is an excellent example of cultural exchanges and affinities, while it also provides a unique testimony for the societal processes taking place in an island, the position of which made of it an important cultural and historical crossroad in the Near East and the civilizations that flourished around the Mediterranean basin, already from early antiquity.&#13;
Epigraphic testimonies verify the division of Cyprus in distinct kingdoms already from the eighth century BC. Until the conquest of the kingdoms by Ptolemy I in 309 BC, the kings of the ten separate independent kingdoms minted coins in gold, silver and copper, using different iconographic motifs and inscriptions in Cypriot-syllabic scripture -the local syllabic scripture that was used for transcribing the Greek language in the Phoenician alphabet; in Greek alphabet from the fifth century BC onwards; and finally, in the Eteocypriot language, a pre-Indo-European language spoken in Iron Age Cyprus, which hasn’t yet been deciphered. An important number of silver and gold coins was minted by the kings of Kition -located in the area of the modern city of Larnaca-, founded at the end of the fourteenth century BC by groups of people arriving from the coast of Syria and Palestine. The strong Phoenician influence in Kition is evident due to the worship of Phoenician gods such as Melqart and Astarte, evidenced by the presence of altars, religious inscriptions, coins, as well as of other movable objects. Several of them have representations of Melqart, bearing the physical characteristics of Hercules. However, in the Cypriot depictions in sculpture and coins, Hercules is clearly differentiated since he often appears without a beard.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912608">
                <text>Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912609">
                <text>Numismatic Museum Athens</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912610">
                <text>UNESCO Chair on Digital Cultural Heritage - Digital Heritage Research Lab Cyprus University of Technology</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912611">
                <text>&#13;
Numismatic Museum Athens</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="914226">
                <text>Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="914237">
                <text>&#13;
EU ERA Chair on Digital Cultural Heritage - MNEMOSYNE</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="914359">
                <text>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://unescochair-dch.net/EU_Study_quality_in_3D_digitisation_of_tangible_cultural_heritage"&gt;EU Study VIGIE 2020/654&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="912612">
                <text>UNESCO and ERA Chairs on Digital Cultural Heritage&#13;
Digital Heritage Research Lab Cyprus University of Technology</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="912614">
                <text>6th Century B.C.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="912615">
                <text>UNESCO and ERA Chairs on Digital Cultural Heritage&#13;
Digital Heritage Research Lab Cyprus University of Technology</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="912616">
                <text>CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912617">
                <text>JPEG</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912618">
                <text>PNG</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="912619">
                <text>en</text>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912620">
                <text>IMAGE</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="912621">
                <text>CS05</text>
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